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Pumps in drinking water distribution networks can be controlled to participate in demand response programs. In this paper, we estimate the demand response potential of water distribution networks based on actual network data. We calculate the power and energy capacities of community water systems within Wisconsin and Arizona, drawing on publicly available data of consumer water demand, population served, storage tanks, and pump specifications. We then extrapolate this data to get an order-of-magnitude estimate for the entire United States. Overall, we found that water distribution networks are sizable demand response assets with an estimated power capacity of 13 GW and energy capacity of 750 GWh in the United States. We also found that large and very large utilities may be the best demand response candidates. This paper also discusses factors impacting water supply flexibility and future research directions. 

Green hydrogen, produced using renewables through electrolysis, can be used to reduce emissions in the hard-to-abate industrial sector. Efficient production and large-scale deployment require storage to mitigate electrolyzer degradation and ensure stable hydrogen supply. This paper explores the impacts and trade-offs of battery and hydrogen storage in off-grid wind-to-hydrogen systems, considering degradation of batteries and electrolyzers. Utilizing an optimization model, we examine system performance and costs over a wide range of storage capacities and wind profiles. Our results show that batteries smooth short-term fluctuations and minimize electrolyzer degradation but can experience significant degradation resulting from frequent charge/discharge cycles. Conversely, hydrogen storage provides long-term energy buffering, essential for sustained hydrogen production, but can increase electrolyzer cycling and degradation. Combining battery and hydrogen storage enhances system reliability, reduces component degradation, and reduces operational costs. This highlights the importance of strategic storage investments to improve the performance and costs of green hydrogen systems.